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The global financial crisis of 2008 has created an economic environment unfavourable to public and corporate economic activity alike, which could not have left space activities unaffected. However, the effects of the crisis upon t...
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The global financial crisis of 2008 has created an economic environment unfavourable to public and corporate economic activity alike, which could not have left space activities unaffected. However, the effects of the crisis upon the space sector have been so far less damaging than anticipated. The following paper presents recent developments in the field of space policies, institutional budgets and commercial activity worldwide, in an effort to improve the understanding of the new trends in commercial and public space activities. It particularly explores the strategies followed by space stakeholders in different countries and regions in order to pursue their planned space programmes in view of difficult financial conditions. Finally, it highlights the differences in the outlook of space activities between established and emerging space-faring nations and attempts to explore their medium-term consequences on an international level. For this purpose, it was based on research conducted in the framework of a recent ESPI report on "Space Policies, Issues and trends in 2009/2010".
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After the Cold War ended in the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the space race was not the factor behind the space exploration and exploitation anymore. The aim of this paper is to analyze the transatlantic space cooperation b...
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After the Cold War ended in the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the space race was not the factor behind the space exploration and exploitation anymore. The aim of this paper is to analyze the transatlantic space cooperation between the USA (more specifically NASA) and the ESA. The cooperation can be driven by two major motives - economic and political. The empirical evidence suggests that while ESA is motivated by the economic one NASA is motivated by the political one. ESA is seemingly on NASA's tail but it benefits economically. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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International law in the field of space incorporates some unique features, embodying the principles of freedom of access and use of outer space, as a common resource of all human kind. As the space activities expanded, spreading t...
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International law in the field of space incorporates some unique features, embodying the principles of freedom of access and use of outer space, as a common resource of all human kind. As the space activities expanded, spreading their impact in various dimensions including commercial, social, security, environmental and cultural dimensions involving both government and private actors, the development of law has become complex and slow, with many outstanding issues yet to be resolved. Against this backdrop, the policy developments in India, which have implemented a vibrant and growing space programme, are traced in this article, bringing out the need and scope for national space legislation.
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International law in the tield ot space incorporates some unique features, embodying the principles of freeom of access and use of outer space, as a common resource of all human kind. As the space activities ex-panded, spreading t...
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International law in the tield ot space incorporates some unique features, embodying the principles of freeom of access and use of outer space, as a common resource of all human kind. As the space activities ex-panded, spreading their impact in various dimensions including commercial, social, security, environmental and cultural dimensions involving both government and private actors, the development of law has become complex and slow, with many outstanding issues yet to be resolved. Against this backdrop, the policy developments in India, which have implemented a vibrant and growing space programme, are traced in this article, bringing out the need and scope for national space legislation.
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The luxuries of the modern-day living owe a lot to the services provided from outer space or passing through space. As the benefits of space technology permeate into our everyday lives, many new entrants, especially those from the...
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The luxuries of the modern-day living owe a lot to the services provided from outer space or passing through space. As the benefits of space technology permeate into our everyday lives, many new entrants, especially those from the developing regions of the world are initiating, synergizing, and expanding their national space programmes. Although having a space programme offers plenty of strategic and socio-economic benefits and opportunities, it requires a high initial cost with most of the gains reaped in the long term. Therefore, the continual growth and long-term sustenance of a space programme is important for any nascent space power. Notwithstanding, the financial and technological constraints form a major caveat which, if not taken care of right from the onset, may seriously jeopardize the growth and in extreme situations, even endanger the long-term viability of the entire space programme. Hence, for nascent space powers, the ambition to do "big things" must start in small steps, articulated through a well-defined national space policy that can steer a correct direction for times to come. This article points toward the need to build space policies for nascent space powers that can justify the long-term in-vestment in civil, commercial, and military programme applications of space technology. It identifies economic and technological constraints as the primary factors constraining nascent space powers that in turn govern the development of space policy. The article also identifies several of the macro-level challenges that need focused attention from policy makers and space programme managers for ensuring the development and sustainability of a viable space programme. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa that has codified a national space policy. South Africa's first public national space policy was adopted in 2009. The policy has given direction and purpose to the country's recen...
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South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa that has codified a national space policy. South Africa's first public national space policy was adopted in 2009. The policy has given direction and purpose to the country's recent space activities. Prior to this, space activities in South Africa were disparate and uncoordinated. Because space policy is not a primary policy issue, but rather an ancillary policy issue, the development of space policy had to be couched in terms that made it clear to policymakers exactly how space activities would contribute to national development and other policy priorities. This required building capacity in government to engage in policy discussions around these issues. We describe the process that was followed to raise the political profile of space affairs to the point that it became a policy issue for the South African government. The policy development narrative is arranged in a series of ten goals that were addressed during the policy development process. These goals speak to how one can address the political and systemic challenges of space policy formulation in the context of an emerging space nation that is also a developing country. The goals may thus be of interest to other emerging space nations at a similar stage in their development. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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South Africa has made significant advances in attempting to organise and formalise its space sector with the prime focus of leveraging the benefits of space science and technology for socio-economic growth and sustainable developm...
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South Africa has made significant advances in attempting to organise and formalise its space sector with the prime focus of leveraging the benefits of space science and technology for socio-economic growth and sustainable development. A particular instrument in this regard is the National Space Policy, which provides for a set of strategic objectives and guiding principles in terms of how stakeholders, both state and non-state actors, should organise and conduct themselves within the framework of a national space programme. The National Space Policy aims to improve the level of co-ordination and co-operative governance in the space sector that in the past has been fragmented and disorganised, and to further develop a domestic space industrial base. The foundation for a sustainable national space programme hinges critically on the participation of the domestic industry in the national space agenda and thereto the creation of a supportive regulatory environment is necessary. This paper provides insight into the main tenets of South Africa's National Space Policy with the aim of highlighting the key policy directives.
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African countries, both individually and as a regional bloc, are expressing increasing interest in developing space programmes to optimise the societal benefits derived from space applications. Such programmes are usually informed...
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African countries, both individually and as a regional bloc, are expressing increasing interest in developing space programmes to optimise the societal benefits derived from space applications. Such programmes are usually informed and directed by Space Policies, Strategies and Technology Roadmaps. There is, however, a shortage of knowledge and expertise in the drafting of such crucial instruments and in analysing the changing global space policy context and the implications for Africa. Also, no platform currently exists in Africa for advising decision-makers and policymakers on space-related matters. This article highlights the need to establish institutional capacity on the African continent for analysis of the policy environment and the development of relevant framework instruments that shape and characterise the agenda of space programmes. The article examines the models of existing space policy platforms elsewhere in the world and makes a case for the establishment of an African Space Policy Institute. Some considerations for its strategic objectives, programmes, structure and funding arrangements are also discussed.
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The global community is threatened by several kinds of disorder, including regional. instabilities on land and the high seas (e.g., Ukraine, South China Sea). In addition, developing Russian and Chinese counterspace capabilities a...
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The global community is threatened by several kinds of disorder, including regional. instabilities on land and the high seas (e.g., Ukraine, South China Sea). In addition, developing Russian and Chinese counterspace capabilities are creating new tensions in space. This article discusses similarities and differences between the maritime and space domains, governance, and how international cooperation in these domains could contribute to international stability. Current difficult questions related to the exercise of the right of self-defense in space are addressed with suggestions for future research. In light of the increasing importance and globalization of space activities, new norms of behavior in space need to be developed by like-minded national to create a more stable and secure international order. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The vision of Indian Space was enunciated (in early 1970) by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai-who envisioned the development of Indian space capability for benefit to society and meeting national development goals. The program is founded on se...
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The vision of Indian Space was enunciated (in early 1970) by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai-who envisioned the development of Indian space capability for benefit to society and meeting national development goals. The program is founded on self-reliance and indigenous capability development Indian space activities have made tremendous progress in the past 50 years with successful satellites that have contributed to national development, science endeavor, and technological capability. Indian communication satellites in INSAT; Indian Earth observation (EO) satellites in IRS; Indian positioning satellites in Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System; various science missions; Indian launch vehicles in the PSLV and GSLV; mission to Moon-Chandrayaan-7; a mission to Mars have paved the way for advanced successful development of space capability in India. Successful foray into global markets has also been achieved. All this has enabled a high-class end-to-end systemic capability of design, development, and operations of Indian space assets and applications. Space-based services have created a huge and growing user base-which is a unique opportunity for developing the space industry and creating high-technology jobs. The changing policy environment in India-favoring deregulation, investments and thrusted privatization, impetus to manufacturing, intensive co-operation and so on, is generating a strong market drive for space activities in India. Indian space needs to orient for a quantum jump in technological growth and adopt organizational models that will ensure economic efficiency and position a vibrant private sector. National consequences for Indian human spaceflight and planetary exploration program; quest for a larger share and role in global space market; strategies to deal with changing political and economic environments and focused imperatives of international cooperation need strategic focus. The National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) has taken up a policy research study to determine a futuristic Indian Space Policy-a comprehensive "Indian Space Policy" that addresses the long-term strategy of Indian space and promotes a holistic Indian space enterprise-alignment to national goals of industrialization and development; evolving a vibrant ecosystem of government-private sector partnership that assures operational space services (communications, EO and navigation, etc.) and advanced technology development; national commitment for 'long-term' human space-flight and planetary exploration mission investments and a strategic international cooperation regime. NIAS has undertaken wide consultation with Indian space professionals and is organizing a National Space Policy Workshop-all of which will be assimilated into the Policy document. The article presents the outcome of this study and the future Indian Space Policy.
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